Speech & Language

Different Strands

Language delay may affect what the child can say (expressive language), and/or what the child can understand (receptive language). It can be accompanied by other speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) – such as unclear speech (phonological delay). Speech and language delay may form part of a broader spectrum of developmental issues, or occur in isolation.

Problems can also arise more in one sphere of expression than another – more trouble with the act of speech, as opposed to the use of words.

Signs

A child may have speech and language delay if they aren’t able to do these things:

• Attempt to say simple words (like “mama” or “dada”) in some form by 12 to 15 months
• Understand simple words (such as “no” or “stop”) by 18 months of age
• Talk in short sentences by 3 years of age
• Tell a simple story at 4 to 5 years of age - or make themselves understood, even to a person who doesn't know them

Causes

Several very different things can underpin speech delay. These include:

• Hearing problems
• Slow development (which could be a result of not having enough verbal stimulation)
• Learning disability, or a developmental condition like autism

Other Physiological Barriers to Speech and Language

There can also be other rarer physiological obstacles to speech and language expression. These might include:

• An issue in the parts of the brain responsible for the complex combination of co-ordinated actions actually required to make speech (which so many people take for granted!). Research now atypical brain structures may underpin problems such as stuttering/stammering in some children
• A physical problem to do with the tongue or palate

How to Respond

If there are clear signs that a child may have speech or language delay – as opposed to just taking more time to start talking – possible treatments will vary depending on the underlying cause(s) of the speech delay.

Different experts may be able to help. A speech and language pathologist can help a child learn the physical skill to speak better – or, when hearing issues are the key, teach lip reading.

A psychologist may help if there is an underlying behavioural issue, while an occupational therapist can help improve verbal skill acquisition through daily activities. And a social worker may be involved if a child may be struggling due to a disadvantaged home environment.

If a child’s speech is delayed due to a hearing loss, hearing aids or cochlear implants can help rapid progress in speech once a child can actually hear sound and speech, and practice with both family and peers.